<aside> <img src="/icons/light-bulb_gray.svg" alt="/icons/light-bulb_gray.svg" width="40px" /> In this lesson, you will…
Big Question: How did the Axis Powers gain so much territory in the opening years of World War II?
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World War II was a widespread conflict, characterized as a two “theater” war, with intense battles taking place in both Europe and the Pacific. This was a time when the world was divided, and global powers were wrestling for dominance on two distinct fronts.
The Blitzkrieg, translating to a “lightning war”, was a distinctive military tactic implemented during this period. This strategy relied heavily on swift, powerful attacks that took the enemy by surprise. These attacks were carried out using a combination of air raids, artillery, tanks, and various other motorized vehicles, which allowed for a quick advance into enemy territory.
In the face of the German Blitzkrieg strategy, Poland found itself in a precarious situation. The country was helpless against the overwhelming offensive launched by Germany. Warsaw, the capital and heart of Poland, was occupied within a month, demonstrating the effectiveness and brutal efficiency of the Blitzkrieg tactic.
In a similar vein, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, and France fell victim to the Nazi invasion. These countries were conquered by the Nazis in June 1940, further showcasing the relentless advance of the World War II aggressors.
When France fell to the Nazis, Britain was the only nation left at war with Germany
In 1940, Germany began a massive bombing campaign using its air force against Britain; Called the “Blitz”.
The Luftwaffe – the German Air Force – bombed civilian targets in an attempt to crush Britain into surrendering.
As bombs fell on major British cities, civilians volunteered to fight fires, watch for enemy bombers and look for survivors.
The young, old, and less able took shelter in underground bunkers and subway tunnels.
The British air force (RAF) fought German planes aided by a new invention: Radar
Radar could pick up incoming enemy aircraft at a range of 80 miles and played a crucial role in the Battle of Britain by giving air defenses early warning of German attacks.
In the pivotal year of 1940, Italian and German troops initiated a strategic campaign to seize control of North Africa. This was a region of immense strategic importance due to its geographical location and resources.
Simultaneously in that same year, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini turned their military ambitions towards the Balkans. They sought to extend their sphere of influence by invading these territories. However, this aggressive expansion was met with staunch resistance by the British forces who were determined to halt the advance of Axis troops.
Across the Atlantic, the United States, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, adhered to a policy of neutrality. Despite the escalating tensions and conflicts in Europe and Africa, it was not yet involved in the war.
However, following the devastating fall of France and the relentless attacks on Britain, the United States found it necessary to provide support to its allies. It began selling vital war supplies to the beleaguered United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, which were both under immense pressure from the Axis forces. This crucial assistance was facilitated through a program known as the Lend-Lease, which played a significant role in the Allies' eventual victory.